Our age is technology age and the internet is an unavoidable part of this age. The internet can be a dangerous atmosphere for children and teenagers. Besides, children can leave their parents under online risks unconsciously. For example, they can load bad software which cybercrimes can reach the bank data or personal information of their parents.

In the internet, to know the risks of internet and to know how to protect your child against these risks is the point of awareness. There are some risks which chidren and teenagers face with in the internet. These risks are as follows:

–Cyber Violence: The internet has lots of games. These games have different features. Children and teenagers face with cyber violence with these games but most of children and teenagers do not understand that they are under violence because for them they are playing games. Especially in online games, they are under threat. In the games, children or game characters are subject to violence and sometimes they are ribbing. In this case, games are becoming psychological torture different from a fantastic adventure. The best way to protect your children from cyber violence is being totally in their lives and making talks with them about how should they behave if they face any problem in their lives.

–Cyber Hunters: In the internet sexual and other hunters can find and set relation with teenagers and children. They can use the innocence of children sometimes children trust these people very much and they come together with them. These hunters usually attend in-game sites to hunt children and teenagers. They can also exploit the imagination of children. They usually use online games to take the attention of children and teenagers.

–Publication of Personal Information: Children do not understand the social limits. For example, they can issue private information on their social media accounts. Private information can be everything like some private photos and even if their address. If children issue everything open to the public you can also see his/her updates and warn him/her not only you but everybody can see his/her publication. You should talk to your children about social limits.

-Identity Victims: Children and teenagers usually tick messages sent to their emails. These emails can be sent by cyber cons. They can do smishing. They follow websites which are favorite within children and teenagers. In this way, they can easily obtain the names of children, names of their friends and their e-mails. Advice your children not to tick messages which are sent by unfamiliar people. They can suppose that they receive a message from their friends but they should check about if the message involves real personal information or not.

-Do not be taken in by Conman: Your children will not believe to ones who say that they would give 1million dollar to them but they will believe to ones who will give a free bonus for the net games. When they trust to conman about games they can give personal information like credit card numbers of their parents to them in order to get a free bonus from games.

-Downloading malware: Malware is software that is loaded and used for bad intention without the permission of the victim. This includes the hooking of your personal information and seizing your computer. Their aim is to make you download malware. They use children in-game sites. The best way is to talk to your children and warn them.

Children love to pass time in the net. And it is not possible to keep them away for long years. The best way is to talk and tell them about

Due to unhealthy diets and living conditions hypertension is not only seen in adults but also in children. Children of every age can have blood pressure including newborns. According to Doc. Dr. Ilke Beyitler high blood pressure that can have serious effects on vital organs such as the brain, eyes, heart and kidneys is generally discovered during routine check-ups of children before they have shown any symptoms. This can cause symptoms such as sweating, restlessness, difficulty in feeding small children and panting.

Hypertension can develop without showing any symptoms in children. But simply, it can cause dizziness, headaches,cloudy vision, nosebleeds,red face,nausea, delayed development, vomiting, tiredness and short breath. Also pain in the legs after exercising and palpitation in older children.

Dr. Beyitler mentioned that if we search the reasons of high blood pressure we see the causes of it as follows, congenital or late occurring narrow arteries regarding the heart and vascular system, congenital or non-congenital kidney problems, problems with the arteries or venous blood vessels of the kidney, hormonal deficiencies due to the adrenal gland, thyroids and parathyroid glands, neurological problems such as stroke, brain tumour, infection or trauma, use of certain medication such as steroids, increase in total blood volume, increased sodium in the blood and stress.

The other reason of high blood pressure is obesity which is on the rise. Consumption of fatty foods with additives, sedentary lifestyle, habits that limit movements such as spending a long time on a computer and watching TV are the main causes of obesity. Inactivity and the habit of constantly eating in front of the television are factors that cause obesity at an early age. As a result, high blood pressure is becoming more commonly seen in these obese inactive children.

Emotional state changes such as exam stress or other stresses in daily life, sudden fear, excitement and joy can cause changes in the blood pressure. These are generally natural waves that do not harm the child. However, if a child has previously diagnosed hypertension, then their blood pressure will rise under such circumstances and can cause sudden upsetting complications. Hypertension can be present without showing any symptoms, so the blood pressure of children must be tested at every check-up.

As in adults, it is not possible to give a specific hypertension limit for children. The blood pressure measurements that are accepted as normal differ for each age group and gender. This is the reason of the blood pressure measured in babies or children must be evaluated by a specialist physician according to the normal blood pressure values of each age group.

Due to the fact that measuring the blood pressure correctly is very important, the procedure must performed by an experienced nurse or physician. Babies should be calm and not crying during the tests of high blood pressure.

The treatment of hypertension in children is more important than for adults because children have a longer life expectancy. The treatment of hypertension is generally started with one medicine. If the blood pressure is not brought under control, then a second or even a third medicine can be added to the treatment. The effecting mechanisms of the medicine must be different if more than one medicine is used. The causes of hypertension, the side effects of medicine and ease of use must all be considered in the choice of medication.

Bringing serious secondary hypertension under control for children is more difficult than controlling essential hypertension in adults and requires the use of a combination of more than one antihypertensive agents. In the case of tumour, surgically removing the tumour will also cure the hypertension. Angioplasty is conducted in the treatment of renovascular hypertension. The patients must be closely monitored for hypertension after an angioplasty because narrowness may sometimes reoccur.

Obesity in children will cause different health problems such as cholesterol that they will have to fight all their lives, diabetes and hypertension. Even if there is a familial genetic tendency, this problem can be avoided by controlling dietary habits. A healthy diet, regular exercise and low salt intake must become part of life style.

Finally, Beyitler concluded as it is important for the blood pressure of every child to be measured at least once a year with a suitable device and if their blood pressure is high, then the underlying cause must be found. For medical treatment to be effective, the medication prescribed by a doctor must be taken regularly until the blood pressure levels balance out. If hypertension is not treated early, it can effect vital organs such as the eyes, kidney and heart. It must not be forgotten that damage can be prevented with early diagnosis and treatment.

Temper tantrum is one of the big problems that parents face with when they are growing up their children. These tantrums began with 1,5-2 years old period.Generally these tantrums continues for 3-5 minutes and usually occurs beween 15,30-19,00. There are five steps in temper tantrum. Here are the steps:

 1-ANGER: According to Prof. Michael Potegal and Prof James A. Green  shouting, screaming, throwing goods are typical behaviours that are seen in the beginning of temper tantrum. A search is done on little children and it is obtained that during the tantrum the noise is equal to the seamless noise of horns in busy traffic.

 2-ANGER AND SORROW: Temper tantrum has two steps in the beginning as: anger and sorrow. Tantrum begins with crying and quetching and continues upto the end of the tantrum.

 3- THE LEVEL OF ANGER DECLINES: Children do not like to be hugged by their parents during tantrum beause in this period they are directed by anger and they are refused to be cool down.

4-THE LEVEL OF HUGGING: After Tsunami you child is elegible to your help. Children feel themselves bad when they are out of control and after they are cooled down they feel themselves needy.Hug  and kiss him/her. Tell him/her that that period was not enjoyable. Be near him/her to give confidence to him/her with your presence.

5-LEAVE IT BEHIND YOU: Emotional changes of children occurs faster than adults. After the tantrum s/he can play game in a happy way.Changable emotional situations is related with emotional elasticity.

Here are tactics that will not avail:

1-Asking Questions: 2 years old child does not have cognitive and language development in telling what does s /he feels so it is nonsense to ask why s/he is behaving like that. Asking questions like these will make him/her to feel more anger.

 2- Reasoning: During tantrum child use his/her brain’s emotional part which is used by emotions so child can not talk in logical way.

3- Shouting: In these period never shout at him/her. Take a deep breath and remember that you are adult. Count upto 10 to be calm.

4-Blustering: If you tell that you will witch TV off to your child, do it. Be coherent.

5-Ignoring: Children feel themselves defenceless during tantrum if you ignore him/her this means leaving him/her alone when s/he is weak. Say him/her ‘ Continue. I will be here upto you put end to this.’ Here the target is not to remove the anger but to control it.’

RESOURCE: Parents, June 2013

The number of parents who never quarrel is very low. So what children feel in this situation? Do parents deny from quarreling in front of children? Or can they make a quarrel in comity? Here are some ideas from authorities.

Children learn many things from their families. Family is the first place that children got educated first. They learn from their families that sometimes there can be unagreement and people can discuss their problems. The behaviours of parents during the argument is important if they show respect to eachother during argument the child got message that his/her parents are trying to solve their problems. Mother and father are two factors for confidence. If they shout at themselves during the argument or they use bad words the child especially who are at pre-education age think that they are not loved by their parents and they argue because of himself/herself.

The parents should be exemplify in order to teach their children the limits. If blind anger is used during the argument this is terrifying for children. If there is explosion of wrath and practise of violence, they see that their parents are becoming to different creatures. Children are afraid of targetting the anger to themselves. Their sense of security is tossed. Never forget that  children are exemplify their parents in forming their relations. The possibility of  trying to act like his aggressive father of a son is very high. The arguments should be ended before  the tension is uprising.

Children lost their self respect if they are grown up in quarrelling environment because his/her parents are his/her model. For personnel development of children it is important to teach children discussing problems without insulting, putting pressure on himself/herself, and not emposing ideas on them. But never discuss economic problems and the problems about the children in front of your children. You should teach your child how to discuss problems and defend his/her ideas without quarrelling by being model.

If child is grown up in environment whereas polemic takes place very often, s/he lives many problems like night mares and wetting his/her underclothes, aggressive attitudes, telling lies, masturbation,  etc. These effect personnel development of child in negative way. After a quarrel parents should speak with their children in order to lessen the fear of children. The message of ‘This subject is our problem and we will solve this. It does not have relation with you’ should be given to the children.

The children began to be effected from arguments between parents from 2-3 ages old. The older children lives fear of divorcing of their parents.  Boys behaves more aggresive whereas girls are giving more emotional reactions. Their school success declines and they can have bad habits. And in advanced years, the children will show the same behaviours which they learnt from their parents. The right method is to quarrel in place where children are absent. It is better to discuss problems a day later because people are more emotional at that moment. While the argument the couple should not insult themselves and never make children to take a stand.

Never do these: – Do not impend him/her with suiciding and dead. Never use expressions as divorcing, seperating, leaving.

– Do not make children to take a stand

– Do not target your anger to your children

– Do not reflect discredit upon your wife/husband.

Sport has vital importance in the lives of children for their healthy growing and in good fettle lives. Sport also help children in having good friends and make them to live in dicipline. Here are some advices for parents.

Sport is important tool which supports the child’s physical, mental and psychological development. And also child’s self confidence develops and s/he will have new friends. In modern society new generations live without moving. And poor moving causes gaining weight and this causes increase in the illnesses about gaining weight. So, parents should acquire sport as habit.

The most important thing in choosing sport for child is his/her field of interest.In every age your child can perform which sport as s/he wishes, but the physiological age of child is important in performing sport. Children between 2-3 years old can  perform running, catching, jumping so they can perform sports like running, swimming, dancing and gymnastics. Children between 4-6 years old can perform dancing, swimming, jumping rope, riding tricycle. Children between 7-10 years old can perform gymnastics, swimming, football, basketball, handball, riding bicycle, tennis and swimming. Children older than 10 years old can perform athletics, oar, wrestling the previous sports that s/he started to perform in earlier years.

Children should visit doctor before starting any sport but if s/he has chronic illness s/he has to visit her/his own doctor before starting any sport. Regular exercing sport is very important for health but exercises can create stress on muscle-skeleton system. And heart, lung, vein and muscle-skeleton system increase their capacity for this stress but if a person perform sport regularly s/he should visit doctor once a year. In these controls heart, lung, digestion system  and in children bones, cartilages on joints and part which tendon joined to bones should be examined.

It is important for parents to support their children in performing sport but your children  should perform whateve s/he wishes.  Your child maybe will not be Maria Sharapova or Roder Federer but s/he will be happy performer so happy child.

Two years  period is magical period in the life of child and parents.Child begins to act free and s/he is able to express himself/herself which s/he begins to show obstinacy in this period.

Child’s brain development occurs very fast in two years. S/he realizes that s/he has different personality from other people. And also s/he realizes her /his value in the family. In this period child wonders everything and asks  too many questions. In this period child can understand everything and obey the orders and records evertything that exists around himself/herself.

In this period it is very important to answer all the questions of the child for his/her healthy devlopment. First indications about the personality of the child are given in this age. Two age is important because obstinacy occurs in this period which stresses the families and for this reason this period is called as ‘obstinacy period’ or ‘terrible two’. Two years of child begins to say ‘no‘ to everything and when s/he sees the effect of using ‘no’ s/he wants to use it  in everywhere and everytime. From now on your child is saying that s/he had different character and different desires. Parents should know that this period is temporary era  and will end in 2-3 years.

If you behave stubbornly towards your child, this will make everything worse. The dicipline rules in the family should be obeyed but they should not be present a challenge for child because stubborning child became angry and has tantrum. In this period the behaviour of parents is very important. It is recomended for parents to wait upto end of  his/her tantrum and not to fall upon himself/herself. The main intention should be to solve the problem before the tantum. The common fault that parents perform is to do what child desires after his/her tantrum. In this periods, child will realize that his desires are performed when s/he cries and stubborns so s/he will try to make his/her parents to do her/his desires with his/her cries.This will form his/her behaviours.

The first step should be to talk with him/her  and assure him/her. It is important to abstract him/her.The first aim of stubborning child is to abstract on himself/herself. If you talk with your asserting child this means that you appreciate him/her, but sometimes it is impossible to calm your child. Never shout at your child or got angry with him/her because s/he will shut up because s/he is afraid or s/he will cry more. Do not talk with your child during his/her tantrum. In these periods stop talking and leave your child in safety place alone while waiting the end of his/her tantrum. Tell him/her that you were understanding  him/her and you would talk with him/her when s/he became calm. In this way your child will see that his/her actions did not influence you. It is important to be calm and mean. You should talk and find a solution with your child after s/he became calm.

While talking use ‘I’ language instead of ‘you‘ like ‘I sadden when you cry’ instead of ‘you are sadden me’. Use the same desicive behaviour in every crises. Do not forget that the behaviours of parents designate the behaviours of child in the future. Finally, we can conclude as to talk and appreciate your child before crises is very important. If you talk with your child and explain him/her the problem s/he will feel himself/herself valuable and will show gentle behaviours.

The attitudes of parents depends on the relation between parents and children. There are two important factors in attitudes: love and dicipline. The actions of parents within family give us clues for the character of child for his/her future life. Here are some groups of parents according to their attitudes;

• PERFECTIONIST PARENTS: It is very hard for children to please their parents Parents always want more than their child’s capability. They want everything to be perfect but this perfectinist attitude is valid for whole family life, it is not limited with child. They have rigid  rules. Child live emotions like excessive dismay, stress, disturbance, disappointment. Children show behaviours like biting nails, telling lies, stammering, wetting his/her underclothes.
• AUTHORITARIAN PARENTS: In these kinds of families parents have high authority over child. They always criticise the child. All the decisions are taken by parents. Child have no right to talk. Child should obey the rules so child’s ability about taking decisions does not develop. They do not listen child. They always criticise, judge and blame the child. Parents’ rules, desires and emotions are important.

• CARELESS PARENTS: Children in these families live starving of love and interest. They cannot be creative. They do not have healthy communication with people. At school they always want interest from their friends. They love to play with children younger than them. They do not show great success at school.
  
• EXCESSIVE PROTECTIVE PARENTS: They do not give opportunity to their children to have life experience. They act their children like babies and do not give any responsibility to their children. They perform everything for their children.

• SPOTTY PARENTS: Parents act different ways to their chid in similiar situations. There is no concinnity. Parents do not agree on their behaviours to child. One of the parent permit to child for any thing whereas other parent does not permit. Also they act differently to sisters and brothers.
• EXCESSIVE TOLERANT PARENTS: In these families there are no rules. Every desire of child is performed by parents. Children act like center of the family. Child became spoilt child. Child became spotty child and does not know what s/he want.
• DEMOCRATIC PARENTS: Parents have healthy communication with child. They trust on their child. They upbear and glorify heir child. They give responsibility to their children and parents courage their child for new experiences. The first step for healthy communication with child is to accept the child as s/he is. Parents should accept abilities and disabilities of child.Parents should not  get angry with the child because s/he is not the person who parents desire.

Here are some handicaps in communication:

1- Blaming: ‘You always cry’

This behaviour hurts  self reliance of child and blame himself/herself for every action s/he does.

2- Giving order:‘Go and sleep’

This cause opposiition. Child do reverse of what parents say.

3-To impend: ‘ If you do not eat your meal, you will not play in the garden’

Child began to lie. They deny or lie in order not to face with threats from parents.

4- Critisizing: ‘ You did not learn to share your toys with your friends’

You child will be passive and loose his/her self confidence.

5- Warning: To warn your child in nervous way will scare your child and this causes him/her to obey everything.

6- To make feel ashamed: ‘You are making so many mistakes’

This will make your child to feel himself/herself that s/he is little and hopeless.

7- Changing subjects: ‘Let’s talk about another thing’

Your child will think as instead of struggle with difficulties escape from it.

Factors for easy communication:

• Be quiet
• Be empathy
• Accept his/her feelings and ideas
• Be honest
• Listen and join the conversation

Do not forget your child will do what you do, not what you say.